UThintelo noLawulo lokuNcipha kwiNkqubo yokuQinisa

I-Shrinkage (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-cracks okanye i-Fissures) ngumba oqhelekileyo kunye neempembelelo kwinkqubo yokubumba. I-Shrinkage ayinciphisi kuphela amandla kunye nokuqina kwezinto ezibunjiweyo kodwa ikwanyusa iindleko zemveliso. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wamalungu abunjiweyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda oonobangela bokuncipha, amanyathelo okuthintela, kunye neendlela zolawulo ezisebenzayo.

Iimbangela zokuncipha

Ukwakheka kwe-shrinkage ngokuqhelekileyo kudityaniswa nezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. I-Material Inhomogeneity: Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ezingabonakaliyo okanye iziphene zangaphakathi kwizinto eziluhlaza zingabangela ukuncipha ngexesha lokubumba.
2. Ukulawulwa kokushisa okungafanelekanga: Ukulawulwa kokushisa okungafanelekanga ngexesha lokubumba, ngokukodwa ukufudumeza okungalinganiyo kunye namazinga okupholisa, kunokukhokelela ekugxininiseni uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphathekayo, okubangelwa ukuncipha.
3. Imiba yobuChwepheshe bokuLungisa: Ukusetwa okungalunganga kweeparamitha zokucubungula (ezifana nesantya sokuguqula kunye noxinzelelo) ngexesha lokubumba kunokubangela ukucutheka.
4. Isixhobo kunye neeNgxaki zokufa: Izixhobo ezingafanelekanga okanye ezigqitywe kakhulu kwaye zifa zingabangela ukusabalalisa koxinzelelo olungalinganiyo kwindawo edibeneyo, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni.

Iindlela zokuThintela ukuNcipha

Nangona i-shrinkage ayinakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yokubumba, ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukwenzeka kwayo:

Ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo kunye noNyango: Ukukhetha umgangatho ophezulu, izinto eziqulunqwe ngokulinganayo kunye nokuqhuba unyango olufanelekileyo (olufana ne-annealing kunye ne-homogenization) ngaphambi kokuba i-forging inokunciphisa iziphene zangaphakathi.

Ukuphucula ulawulo lobushushu: Ukulawula ngokungqongqo amazinga okufudumeza kunye nokupholisa ngexesha lokubumba ukuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa ubushushu kunye nokunciphisa ukubunjwa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Ubuchwephesha obufana nokufudumeza ngeqonga kunye nokupholisa okucothayo kunokunciphisa iqondo lobushushu.

Ukuphucula iindlela zokuSebenza: Ukucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo iiparitha zokucubungula, ezifana nesantya sokuguqulwa kunye noxinzelelo, ukuphepha ukuguqulwa okukhulu kunye nokuxinzelela uxinzelelo. Ukulinganisa amanani kunye nophando lovavanyo lunokunceda ukwandisa ezi parameters.

Isixhobo esinengqiqo kunye noYilo lokufa: Ukuyila izixhobo kunye nokufa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba noxinzelelo losasazo ngexesha lokwenziwa. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa kweentsini ezigugile kakhulu kunokugcina ukuchaneka kokulungiswa.

Iindlela zokulawula ukucutheka

Xa ukushwabana sele kwenzekile, iindlela zokulawula kwangexesha nezisebenzayo zinokuthomalalisa impembelelo yazo kumgangatho wenxalenye eyenziweyo:

Ukunyangwa kobushushu: Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu ezifana ne-annealing kunye ne-normalizing ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olubangelwa ukuncipha kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kunye namandla enxalenye edibeneyo.

Iindlela zokulungisa: Kwiindawo ezincinci zokunciphisa, iindlela zokulungisa ezifana ne-welding kunye nokongeza izinto eziphathekayo zingasetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela idinga izakhono eziphezulu zokusebenza kwaye inokuchaphazela ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwenxalenye edibeneyo.

Ukuhlolwa koMgangatho kunye nokuHlola: Ukusebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya ezingonakalisi ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray ukuchonga kunye nokususa iindawo ezibunjiweyo ngokunciphisa kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela.

IV. Ukuqukumbela

I-Shrinkage kwinkqubo yokuqulunqa ayikwazi ukuphetshwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ngokukhetha izinto ezinengqiqo, ukulawulwa kweqondo lokushisa oluphuculweyo, ukuphuculwa kobuchule bokusebenza, kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe kakuhle kunye nokufa, ukuvela kwayo kunokunciphisa kakhulu. Ukongezelela, unyango lobushushu, iindlela zokulungisa, kunye nokuhlolwa komgangatho kunokulawula ngokufanelekileyo i-shrinkage ekhoyo, iqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kweengxenye ezibunjiweyo. Ukujongana nokulawula imiba ye-shrinkage kwinkqubo yokubunjwa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho wemveliso, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.Ukunciphisa (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-cracks okanye i-fissures) yinto eqhelekileyo kunye nefuthe kwinkqubo yokubumba. I-Shrinkage ayinciphisi kuphela amandla kunye nokuqina kwezinto ezibunjiweyo kodwa ikwanyusa iindleko zemveliso. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wamalungu abunjiweyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda oonobangela bokuncipha, amanyathelo okuthintela, kunye neendlela zolawulo ezisebenzayo.

Iimbangela zokuncipha

Ukwakheka kwe-shrinkage ngokuqhelekileyo kudityaniswa nezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. I-Material Inhomogeneity: Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ezingabonakaliyo okanye iziphene zangaphakathi kwizinto eziluhlaza zingabangela ukuncipha ngexesha lokubumba.
2. Ukulawulwa kokushisa okungafanelekanga: Ukulawulwa kokushisa okungafanelekanga ngexesha lokubumba, ngokukodwa ukufudumeza okungalinganiyo kunye namazinga okupholisa, kunokukhokelela ekugxininiseni uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphathekayo, okubangelwa ukuncipha.
3. Imiba yobuChwepheshe bokuLungisa: Ukusetwa okungalunganga kweeparamitha zokucubungula (ezifana nesantya sokuguqula kunye noxinzelelo) ngexesha lokubumba kunokubangela ukucutheka.
4. Isixhobo kunye neeNgxaki zokufa: Izixhobo ezingafanelekanga okanye ezigqitywe kakhulu kwaye zifa zingabangela ukusabalalisa koxinzelelo olungalinganiyo kwindawo edibeneyo, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni.

Iindlela zokuThintela ukuNcipha

Nangona i-shrinkage ayinakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yokubumba, ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukwenzeka kwayo:

Ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo kunye noNyango: Ukukhetha umgangatho ophezulu, izinto eziqulunqwe ngokulinganayo kunye nokuqhuba unyango olufanelekileyo (olufana ne-annealing kunye ne-homogenization) ngaphambi kokuba i-forging inokunciphisa iziphene zangaphakathi.

Ukuphucula ulawulo lobushushu: Ukulawula ngokungqongqo amazinga okufudumeza kunye nokupholisa ngexesha lokubumba ukuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa ubushushu kunye nokunciphisa ukubunjwa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Ubuchwephesha obufana nokufudumeza ngeqonga kunye nokupholisa okucothayo kunokunciphisa iqondo lobushushu.

Ukuphucula iindlela zokuSebenza: Ukucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo iiparitha zokucubungula, ezifana nesantya sokuguqulwa kunye noxinzelelo, ukuphepha ukuguqulwa okukhulu kunye nokuxinzelela uxinzelelo. Ukulinganisa amanani kunye nophando lovavanyo lunokunceda ukwandisa ezi parameters.

Isixhobo esinengqiqo kunye noYilo lokufa: Ukuyila izixhobo kunye nokufa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba noxinzelelo losasazo ngexesha lokwenziwa. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa kweentsini ezigugile kakhulu kunokugcina ukuchaneka kokulungiswa.

Iindlela zokulawula ukucutheka

Xa ukushwabana sele kwenzekile, iindlela zokulawula kwangexesha nezisebenzayo zinokuthomalalisa impembelelo yazo kumgangatho wenxalenye eyenziweyo:

Ukunyangwa kobushushu: Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu ezifana ne-annealing kunye ne-normalizing ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olubangelwa ukuncipha kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kunye namandla enxalenye edibeneyo.

Iindlela zokulungisa: Kwiindawo ezincinci zokunciphisa, iindlela zokulungisa ezifana ne-welding kunye nokongeza izinto eziphathekayo zingasetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela idinga izakhono eziphezulu zokusebenza kwaye inokuchaphazela ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwenxalenye edibeneyo.

Ukuhlolwa koMgangatho kunye nokuHlola: Ukusebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya ezingonakalisi ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray ukuchonga kunye nokususa iindawo ezibunjiweyo ngokunciphisa kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela.

IV. Ukuqukumbela

I-Shrinkage kwinkqubo yokuqulunqa ayikwazi ukuphetshwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ngokukhetha izinto ezinengqiqo, ukulawulwa kweqondo lokushisa oluphuculweyo, ukuphuculwa kobuchule bokusebenza, kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe kakuhle kunye nokufa, ukuvela kwayo kunokunciphisa kakhulu. Ukongezelela, unyango lobushushu, iindlela zokulungisa, kunye nokuhlolwa komgangatho kunokulawula ngokufanelekileyo i-shrinkage ekhoyo, iqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kweengxenye ezibunjiweyo. Ukujongana nokulawula imiba yokucutheka kwinkqubo yokubumba kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho wemveliso, ukunyusa umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.